.uk 47 However, as with the wider use of the models, as there has been a reduced perception of their effectiveness, we heard few recent examples of them supporting service planning. Though this use case still remains a possibility for some. 5.4.4 Other Outcomes How the CCE / CSE models were developed may have led to unintended practice A Senior Manager in Children’s Services highlighted that the forms of harm that the CCE and CSE models concern are often not clearly defined, meaning predicting them based on a child's vulnerabilities can lead to other issues being overlooked: “Sexual exploitation is a form of sexual abuse and yet the model is not based around sexual abuse in the sense of, it's based around the behaviours that we think are linked to sexual abuse. But those behaviours are also linked to a whole wide range of other vulnerabilities as well. So there's a fundamental issue with trying to use this modelling for types of harm which are not clearly defined.” They suggested a more appropriate approach could involve presenting general vulnerabilities or indicators, but without directly linking these to vulnerability to specific forms of harm; which might potentially enable a more comprehensive understanding of a child's circumstances: “We're better [off] just talking about more general vulnerability scoring rather than actually having a kind of thematic lens…an overview of like all the vulnerability of a child, but not saying like, is that risk of like sexual exploitation or criminal exploitation.” Other practitioners questioned the use of the NEET model from a similar position. In particular, concerns were raised around the lack of evidence and understanding about how predictive models should be used to create positive interventions for children. Therefore, access