able at: www.actionagainstabduction.org and www.clevernevergoes.org. Child criminal exploitation (CCE) and child sexual exploitation (CSE) We know that different forms of harm often overlap, and that perpetrators may subject children and young people to multiple forms of abuse, such as criminal exploitation (including county lines) and sexual exploitation. In some cases, the exploitation or abuse will be in exchange for something the victim needs or wants (for example, money, gifts or affection), and/or will be to the financial benefit or other advantage, such as increased status, of the perpetrator or facilitator. Children can be exploited by adult males or females, as individuals or groups. They may also be exploited by other children, who themselves may be experiencing exploitation – where this is the case, it is important that the child perpetrator is also recognised as a victim. Whilst the age of the child may be a contributing factor for an imbalance of power, there are a range of other factors that could make a child more vulnerable to exploitation, including, sexual identity, cognitive ability, learning difficulties, communication ability, physical strength, status, and access to economic or other resources. Some of the following can be indicators of both child criminal and sexual exploitation where children: • appear with unexplained gifts, money or new possessions 151 • associate with other children involved in exploitation • suffer from changes in emotional well-being • misuse alcohol and other drugs • go missing for periods of time or regularly come home late, and • regularly miss school or education or do not take part in education. Children who have been exploited will need additional support to help keep them in education. Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) 